Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder and manic depression, is a mental disordercharacterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression.[1][2]The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomaniadepending on the severity or whether there is psychosis. During mania an individual feels or acts abnormally happy, energetic, or irritable.[1] They often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences. The need for sleep is usually reduced.[2] During periods of depression there may be crying, poor eye contact with others, and a negative outlook on life.[1] The risk of suicideamong those with the disorder is high at greater than 6% over 20 years, while self harm occurs in 30–40%.[1] Other mental health issues such as anxiety disorderand substance use disorder are commonly associated.[1]
The cause is not clearly understood, but both genetic and environmental factors play a role.[1] Many genes of small effect contribute to risk.[1][3]Environmental factors include long termstress and a history of childhood abuse.[1] It is divided into bipolar I disorder if there is at least one manic episode and bipolar II disorder if there are at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode. In those with less severe symptoms of a prolonged duration the conditioncyclothymic disorder may be present. If due to drugs or medical problems it is classified separately.[2] Other conditions that may present in a similar manner include substance use disorder,personality disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, andschizophrenia as well as a number of medical conditions.[1]
Treatment commonly includespsychotherapy and medications such as mood stabilizers or antipsychotics. Examples of mood stabilizers that are commonly used include lithium andanticonvulsants. Treatment in hospital against a person's wishes may be required at times as people may be a risk to themselves or others yet refuse treatment. Severe behavioral problems may be managed with short termbenzodiazepines or antipsychotics. In periods of mania it is recommended that antidepressants be stopped. If antidepressants are used for periods of depression they should be used with a mood stabilizer. Electroconvulsive therapy may be helpful in those who do not respond to other treatments. If treatments are stopped it is recommended that this be done slowly. Many people have social, financial, or work-related problems due to the disorder. These difficulties occur a quarter to a third of the time on average. The risk of death from natural causessuch as heart disease is twice that of the general population. This is due to poor lifestyle choices and the side effects from medications.[1]
About 3% of people in the United States have bipolar disorder at some point in their life.[4] Lower rates of around 1% are found in other countries. The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25.[1] Rates appear to be similar in males as females.[5] The economic costs of the disorder has been estimated at $45 billion for the United States in 1991.[6] A large proportion of this was related to a higher number of missed work days, estimated at 50 per year.[6] People with bipolar disorder often face problems with social stigma.[1]culled from Wikipedia
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